Науково-технічний бюлетень Інституту олійних культур НААН

Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS (ISSN: 2078-7316) / 2025 / 39 / P. 230-240
Variety resources and mustard production in Ukraine
Kuzmenko O. R., Gaydash E. V., Bielka O. V.
Mustard is one of the ancient crops that plays an important role in the agriculture of Ukraine and the world due to its agrotechnical, food and industrial properties. It is a source of high-quality oil, protein and biologically active substances, and is also used in medicine, cooking and as green manure. In conditions of changing climate and growing demand for environmentally friendly products, interest in growing mustard in Ukraine is growing noticeably. In Ukraine, the most common are white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) and black mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch). Each species has its own advantages depending on the growing conditions, the intended purpose of the product and agrotechnical requirements. They have many common morphological and biological features, and the species difference is associated with different features of growing, origin and purpose. The growing production requirements for modern mustard varieties require improvement of theoretical and methodological aspects of breeding work. The main task of mustard breeding is to combine in the created varieties high productivity, oil quality, distinctive features, lodging, shedding and adaptability to growing conditions in different soil and climatic zones. The purpose of the research is to analyze the dynamics of the diversity of varietal resources, sown areas, yields and gross harvest of mustard in Ukraine, the state of the market for breeding products, namely its capacity – filling with breeding material, market segmentation and positioning of the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine among domestic and foreign originators of varieties of this crop. Аs of the end of the first half of 2025, forty-two varieties of mustard were registered in the Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine by domestic and foreign applicants: nineteen varieties of white mustard, seventeen varieties of Sarepta mustard (spring), six varieties of Sarepta mustard (winter). Five institutions of the NAAS system own sixty-six percent of the mustard registered in the Register of Varieties of Ukraine in the group "Agricultural: oilseed and fiber", of which IOK NAAS – 36.5%, seven national commercial campaigns – twenty-four percent. Foreign mustard selection is represented in the Register by two applicants from Austria and Germany, which is 10 percent of the total. Mustard production in Ukraine over the past ten years has had a pronounced wave-like dynamics, depending on the market situation, export opportunities and weather conditions. The key factor in the change in gross harvest is the area sown, while yield shows relatively less variability. The record year 2023 confirms the potential of mustard as an export-oriented crop, capable of quickly responding to market demand. In 2015–2021, the southern regions of the Steppe of Ukraine stably provided from 35% to almost 60% of the total area under mustard. This indicates their strategic importance for crop production. In 2020–2021, the southern region had the highest share of the area under mustard crops, over 58%. The main contribution belonged to Kherson and Zaporizhia regions. In recent years, there has been a change in geographical specialization. The war made adjustments to the growing areas, and for 2024 these are Odesa, Sumy, Poltava, Mykolaiv, Kharkiv and Chernihiv regions. Now mustard production is shifting to other regions because the lack of precipitation also leads to a decrease in sown areas and yields in the southern regions. The main advantages of growing mustard in Ukraine: agrotechnical properties;. economic profitability; climatic adaptability; variety of uses. Risks that mustard agricultural producers may face: climate challenges; phytosanitary problems; market risks; military and logistical risks. Mustard production in Ukraine is characterized by instability, but the crop retains strategic importance for the agricultural sector due to its high profitability and resistance to climate risks. At the same time, the crop remains dependent on weather conditions, market conditions and military factors. To reduce risks, it is advisable to develop processing within the country, introduce irrigation systems and modern plant protection technologies. Further development of the direction will depend on state support for niche crops and the stability of export channels. There is a positive trend in the selection of domestic mustard varieties. It is necessary to support domestic selection, popularize domestic scientific achievements and stimulate entrepreneurship to grow their own varieties IOC NAAS maintains leadership in mustard selection. The created varieties are competitive, adaptive, and have high potential yields. Mustard cultivation in Ukraine has a high potential for profitability and export attractiveness. The existing demand in the European Union countries, as well as taking into account all the advantages of mustard cultivation, this niche technical crop deserves the attention of agricultural producers and is able to provide additional revenue to the state budget.
Citation: Kuzmenko, O. R., Gaydash, E. V., & Bielka, O. V. (2025). Variety resources and mustard production in Ukraine. Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS, 39, 230-240.
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