Науково-технічний бюлетень Інституту олійних культур НААН

Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS (ISSN: 2078-7316) / 2025 / 39 / P. 31-42
Inheritance of the leaf morphological traits in Brassica juncea L.
Zhuravel V. M., Budilka H. l.
Mustard is an important alternative oilseed crop, valued for its versatility. It is used in food, technical, medicinal, and agricultural applications. The most commonly used species is Brassica juncea, due to its high yield and seed quality. Currently, the issue of similarity between varieties is being addressed. To expand the genetic variability of mustard, crosses were carried out using genotypes of salad-type brown mustard (Brassica juncea var. Rugosa) – ВР-952.2, Red Dragon, Red Lace, and the collection sample F17/3 (Brassica juncea var. Sareptana). The parental components selected for crossing were characterized by varying oil content in seeds – from 28.16% to 40.29% – and high essential oil content of 0.90–1.1%. The F17/3 genotype is classified among the samples with an acceptable erucic acid content of 4.51%, while the Red Lace, Red Dragon, and ВР-952.2 genotypes have a high erucic acid content of 26.18–36.83%. Thousand-seed weight during the study years was quite low, ranging 0.84–1.91 g. When crossing the genotype BP-952.2 with a green, solid leaf blade with a double-toothed wavy edge of the leaf and the genotype Red Dragon with anthocyanin, dissected leaf blade with a toothed edge, in the F1 generation we obtained offspring with a very strong intensity of anthocyanin coloration In the second generation we obtained morphological diversity of offspring with signs of both parents. The split by phenotype was 70 plants with anthocyanin coloration of the leaf blade and 18 plants with green coloration of the leaves. The obtained ratio of plants by the sign of leaf coloration reliably corresponds to the 3:1 model. When crossing mustard plants with a green, entire leaf blade (genotype F17/3) and with plants with anthocyanin, dissected leaf blade (genotype Red Dragon) (dihybrid crossing), in the F1 generation all plants were characterized by the presence of anthocyanin pigmentation of varying degrees and wide, strongly dissected leaves. The inheritance of traits according to the phenotype of the parental component Red Dragon was recorded. In the second generation, after forced pollination of F1 hybrids, four groups of phenotypes were obtained in the following ratio: 29 plants with anthocyanin, dissected leaves, 6 - with anthocyanin, entire, 11 plants with green, dissected leaves, 2 - with green, entire. The splitting corresponds to the ratio 9:3:3:1. Analysis of F2 hybrids for each pair of traits separately (35 plants with anthocyanin leaves and 13 with green leaves, and 40 plants with dissected leaves and 8 with whole leaves) showed that the ratio for each of them, as in the monohybrid cross, was 3:1. Such data may indicate that the dissection of the leaf blade, as well as the anthocyanin color of the leaf, are monogenic dominant traits in relation to the whole leaf shape and their green color, respectively. The data obtained by us allow us to state that the traits of mustard leaf color and leaf blade shape are inherited independently, and the genes that control them are apparently located on different chromosomes. In the BP-952.2 × Red Lace crossing scheme, where the BP-952.2 genotype with a green, whole leaf blade with a double-toothed wavy edge of the leaf and the Red Lace genotype with anthocyanin, dissected leaf blade with a toothed edge were used, respectively, in the F1 generation 6 plants with wide, whole, anthocyanin leaves and a double-toothed wavy edge were obtained. Thus, the first generation hybrids combined the traits of both parents. In the second generation F2, four phenotypic groups were obtained in the following ratio: 25 plants with anthocyanin, wavy leaves, 4 with anthocyanin leaves, without waviness, 13 plants with green, wavy leaves, 3 with green, without waviness. This ratio was very close to the ratio 9:3:3:1. When crossing Red Lace (anthocyanin, whole leaf blade) with F17/3 (sample with green, whole leaf blade) in the F1 generation, offspring with the phenotype of the parental component Red Lace were obtained. In the second generation, F2, offspring with a predominance of plants with purple leaf color in the ratio of 49:16 were recorded, which reliably corresponded to the 3:1 cleavage model. Regardless of the phenotype of the mustard parents (purple or green leaf color), in all cross schemes, mustard hybrids of the first generation F1 with purple leaf pigmentation were recorded. This result shows that any manifestation of anthocyanin in a plant is due to the dominant state of one allele. In the process of work, a new original material was created for mustard breeding with distinctive morphological features - wide dissected anthocyanin or green leaves with a wavy edge, different degrees and configurations of pigmentation and improved biochemical indicators. One of the important indicators of any oil crop is the oil content in the seeds. Ten selected samples were characterized by a high, over 38.0%, oil content. Only one sample F23/3.3 (F17/3 × Red Dragon) significantly exceeded the standard variety by this indicator by 0.19% compared to 41% in the standard variety. An equally important biochemical indicator is the content of allyl mustard oil, which provides a specific burning taste of mustard and is especially valuable when used for food and medical purposes. According to the studied trait, 7 hybrids (F23/3.5 (F17/3 × Red Dragon); F23/4.1; F23/4.2; F23/4.3; F23/4.4 (Red Lace × F17/3); F23/5.1 and F23/5.2 (BP-952.2 × Red Dragon) significantly exceeded the standard variety Tavrichanka by 0.09–0.12%. All the obtained hybrid material was characterized by a high content of allyl mustard oil. The genotypes of salad mustard used in the crosses were characterized by a high content of erucic acid – 26.18–36.83%. By using the F17/3 genotype with the existing but acceptable (4.51%) erucic acid content in the hybridization, we were able to select the F23/3.5 erucic-free (0.28%) sample from the offspring of the F17/3 × Red Dragon cross, which significantly exceeds the Tavrichanka standard variety (2.14%) by 3.36%. Morphologically, the sample was characterized by the combined characteristics of both parents – a dissected leaf blade of green color. The tendency towards a decrease in the content of erucic acid was confirmed in those samples where the F17/3 genotype with the lowest content of erucic acid was used as the parental component (♀). Thus, hybrids F23/4.2, F 23/4.3, F 23/4.4 with a complex of improved biochemical indicators were isolated - the oil content in seeds is more than 40% and allyl mustard oil is more than 1.00%. The greatest decrease in the content of erucic acid, up to 0.28–25.53%, was observed in hybrids from the combination of crossing F17/3 × Red Dragon. The mass of a thousand seeds in the obtained hybrids was quite small, 0.61–1.27 g, compared to 1.22 g in the standard variety Tavrichanka. This indicator indicates the influence of adverse weather conditions. The studied traits - dissection, waviness and serration of the leaf blade are quite important as markers in the creation of new mustard varieties, because they do not change throughout the entire vegetation of plants. The obtained selection material will be used in further selection work. It was established that the purple (anthocyanin) color of leaves in mustard dominates over green and is controlled monogenically. The signs of leaf blade dissection and waviness of the leaf edge dominate over the integral shape of the leaf and the absence of waves along the leaf edge, respectively. The signs of leaf shape and leaf blade edge are inherited regardless of the sign of leaf color. A new original mustard material with combined morphological signs and improved biochemical indicators was obtained. Morphological signs - color, dissection and waviness of the leaf blade can be used as markers when creating new mustard varieties.
Citation: Zhuravel, V. M., & Budilka, H. L. (2025). Inheritance of the leaf morphological traits in Brassica juncea L.. Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS, 39, 31-42.
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