Науково-технічний бюлетень Інституту олійних культур НААН

Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS (ISSN: 2078-7316) / 2015 / 22 / P. 99-109
Influence of fertilization and foliar feeding on the formation of productivity in different mustard species
Vishnevsky P.S, Vishnevsky V.S
Mustard is currently the multi-purpose culture. Except oil production it is a good precursor for all cereal crops and beautiful green manure. Due to phytoncide action of the roots of this crop it is a good field sanitary and honey plant that is a valuable crop for beekeepers. This culture is used in food purposes is to obtain mustard oil which is used both for food and in various industries such as canning, baking, confectionery, margarine, soap, pharmaceuticals. Mustard powder is an essential component for the production of table mustard and mustard plasters in medicine. Ukraine is among the ten world leaders in the cultivation of this crop. Today the market situation encourages producers to increase acreage under mustard. The structure of crop accounts for the bulk of the cultivation Brassica juncea, fewer falls Sinapis alba and few of Brassica nigra. However, in recent years, changing market conditions, marked by a tendency to expand areas under Sinapis alba and Brassica nigra, especially in those households that have fully mastered the technology of cultivation and received significant financial results. But the level of productivity of these types of mustard in Ukraine today is low, so is the issue of development and improvement of existing technology elements of this culture in order to increase total trade charges mustard seeds. For intensive implementation of the above mentioned types in a specific soil and climatic zone it is necessary to study the effect of fertilizer and foliar feeding growth promoters to change parameters of growth, development and formation of appropriate performance culture. The main goal of the research, which was carried out in 2012-2014 year was the establishment of features of growth, plant development and yield formation of different types of mustard seeds under the influence of factors studied. Experimental studies conducted in Chabanu research farm NSC "Institute of Agriculture NAAS," in the short experiment department adaptive technology intensive legumes, cereals and oilseeds. Soil test sites - gray forest, typical for this area. The humus content in the layer 0 - 20 cm – 1,08 – 1,15% P2O5 mobile phosphorus - 11,4-12,2 mg/100 g exchangeable potassium (by Chirikov) – 8,0 -9,2 mg 100 g soil. Technology of culture for the common areas of the Northern Forest Steppe, except for items that were studied. Preceded of Sinapis alba is winter wheat. The Florone made in the budding phase in of 200 ml/ha. The subject of research was Brassica juncea variety of Mria, Sinapis alba variety of Etalon, Brassica nigra variety of Victoria. The accounting area - 12 m2, repetition of the experiment – quadruple. Analysis of the research indicates a significant effect of the studied factors on the formation of surface and assimilation of mustard yield on average for 2012-2014 years. Yes, Sinapis alba variety of Etalon in phase socket largest leaf surface area was observed in the variant with fertilizer in a dose N60P60K90 and amounted to 186,6 cm2/plant performance by a variant without fertilizers (control) – 117,3 cm?/plant. Adding phosphorus - potassium fertilizers in dose P60K90 contributed to a slight increase in (120,4 cm2/plant) compared to controls. With the introduction of complete fertilizer at a dose N30P60K90 and leaf surface area N45P60K90 white mustard was formed at 143,6 and 161,9 cm?/plant, respectively. In the phase of budding leaf surface area mustard increased to 175,7 – 493,7 cm?/plant, in terms of causal factors and ensures its maximum performance in the flowering stage (1189,7 cm2/plant), the largest doses of chemical fertilizers (N60P60K90). Crops treated with Florone contributed to the increase in leaf surface area depending on the variant of fertilization on 9,8-30,9 %. The most efficient currently occupied was a version without the use of chemical fertilizers (control), which provided the formation of the leaf surface at 730,2 cm?/plant. As for Brassica juncea variety of Mria, Brassica nigra variety of Victoria is the dynamics of the formation of the leaf surface for the main phases of growth and development held similar white mustard. However, it should be noted that Brassica nigra had the best response to fertilization rate compared to Brassica juncea. Thus, the level of mineral fertilizers, leaf surface area of Brassica nigra variety of Victoria in phase outlet, increasing the (background) from 11.9 % in twice for fertilization in a dose N60P60K90 compared to the version without fertilizers. In the budding phase versions have more leaf surface area 3 times compared to with not fertilized. The effectiveness of fertilizer on crops Brassica juncea was slightly lower in phase outlet was 20,6 – 49,5 %, in the budding phase – 14,2 – 88,3 %, in absolute figures are not fertilized variants respectively 100,5 and 130,3 cm?/plant. Reaction Brassica juncea and Brassica nigra in the flowering stage to foliar feeding crops through Florone rate formation assimilation system was not unique. Thus, Brassica juncea variety of Mria leaf surface area of this crop grew by 3,3 % (by making N30P60K90) to 21,0 % (by making P60K90) providing the absolute values of 810,4 and 707,4 cm?/plant, respectively. In the Brassica nigra variety of Victoria effectiveness of foliar feeding was significantly higher - growth leaf surface varied from 2,4 % to 19,6 %. The most efficient currently occupied was a variant without fertilizers (19,6 %) and phosphorus - potassium fertilizer (15,4 %) and mineral fertilizers in dose N30P60K90 (10,5 %). Analysis of the characteristics of each surface unit assimilation crops (ChPF) showed that Sinapis alba variety of Etalon (53,7 ± 0,90 g/m ? day) and Brassica nigra variety of Victoria (5,85 ± 0,33 g/m? ? d) of dry matter accumulation is intense for the period interfacial outlet-budding and Brassica juncea variety of Mria - for the period of budding, flowering as the version without the Florone (2,74 ± 0,34 g/m ? day) and during leaf plant nutrition (2,67 ± 0,31 g/m ? day). The most objective assessment of the photosynthetic capacity can be given by defining parameters of dry matter accumulation over time, as an organic substance that is created in the process of photosynthesis is about 95 % dry matter yield. The accumulation of dry matter in mustard to the budding phase and is slowly growing in the period of active growth of culture - from the beginning phase of budding and flowering phases to creating maximum value in the phase of ripening crops. This is a biological feature of culture that the initial stages of forming a strong root system, and further rapidly increasing biomass. The analysis of the experiment on the formation of dry matter of mustard plants showed that the growth dynamics of the varieties varied and to some extent dependent on the characteristics of the variety and level of its exposure to fertilizer and foliar treatment. Thus, the maximum exposure to the formation of dry biomass plant in phase outlet, regardless of fertilization was Sinapis alba variety of Etalon (1,05 ± 0,14 g/plant). In Brassica juncea variety of Mria and Brassica nigra variety of Victoria amount of dry matter was significantly lower, and accordingly, the average level of fertilizer was 0,71 ± 0,05 and 0,49 ± 0,05 g/plant. In the period of intensive growth increased amount of dry matter and had almost identical rates in all investigated varieties of mustard. Adding the Florone in foliar application mustard positive impact on increasing the dry biomass of plants. The effectiveness of this measure, the average for the variants of fertilization in flowering stage was for Sinapis alba variety of Etalon of 13,2 %, Brassica juncea 7,04 % and Brassica nigra 6,5 %. The results of experiments 2012-2014 established that the impact of fertilizer on the accumulation of dry biomass is manifested most clearly in the period of maturation. So, Sinapis alba variety of Etalon quantity of dry biomass system based on fertilizer ranged from 6.72 g/plant (without fertilizer) to 11,11 g (fertilization in the dose N45P60K90). The efficiency of fertilizer remaining option was 8,6 ? 18,0 %, which is also confirmed by the high variability index (V = 19,4 %). Plants of Brassica juncea variety of Mria had greater biomass and average options fertilize it was 10,55 ± 1,00 g/plant for variability index V = 21,5 %. The maximum biomass (13,07 g) provide the option of fertilizer in doses N60P60K90, minimum (7,41 g) - absolute control. The effectiveness of foliar fertilization was on average 10,5 %. The maximum accumulation of dry biomass indices for the period of maturation have Brassica nigra variety of Victoria, which has shaped their average level 11,4 ± 1,13 g/plant on versions without treatment, and 12,4 ± 0,82 - for foliar feeding Florone. Formation and puff device work under the influence of factors studied, determined the level of productivity of varieties of mustard. It was established that the highest yield on average for 2012 - 2014 years of all kinds of mustard provide options for fertilization in a dose N60P60K90. So, Sinapis alba variety of Etalon for the same system fertilizing seed yield was 1,98 t/ha to control variant (without fertilizers) 0,99 t/ha. Treatment plants of Florone helped increase yields of 14,7 %, providing maximum performance – 2,27 t/ha. It should be noted that best responded to foliar feeding Florone Sinapis alba variety of Etalon (yield increases of 14,7 – 26,1 %), Brassica juncea variety of Mria (7,8 – 19,4 %) and Brassica nigra variety of Victoria (6,7 – 18,3 %) Found that in a northern steppes of Ukraine, on gray forest soils fertilization in a dose N60P60K90 in combination with the Florone generates strong assimilation surface sowing mustard, ensures efficient operation and provides the highest yield of all investigated types of culture - Sinapis alba variety of Etalon level 2,27 t/ha, Brassica juncea variety of Mria - 2,31 t/ha, Brassica nigra variety of Victoria – 2,11 t/ha.
Citation: Vishnevsky, P., & Vishnevsky, V. (2015). Influence of fertilization and foliar feeding on the formation of productivity in different mustard species . Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS, 22, 99-109.
References